Diabetic coma

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Diabetic coma

Prolonged blood sugar extremes — blood sugar that's either too high or too low for too long — may cause various conditions, all of which can lead to a diabetic coma.

Diabetic ketoacidosis. If your muscle cells become starved for energy, your body may respond by breaking down fat stores. This process forms toxic acids known as ketones. Left untreated, diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to a diabetic coma.

Diabetic ketoacidosis is most common in people who have type 1 diabetes, but it can also affect people who have type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes.

Diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome. If your blood sugar level tops 600 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 33.3 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), the condition is known as diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome.

When your blood sugar gets this high, your blood becomes thick and syrupy. The excess sugar passes from your blood into your urine, which triggers a filtering process that draws tremendous amounts of fluid from your body.

Left untreated, diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome can cause life-threatening dehydration and a diabetic coma. Diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome is most common in middle-aged and older adults who have type 2 diabetes.

Hypoglycemia. Your brain needs glucose to function. In severe cases, low blood sugar may cause you to pass out. Hypoglycemia can be caused by too much insulin or not enough food. Exercising too vigorously or drinking too much alcohol can have the same effect.

Signs and symptoms are influenced by the severity of the hypoglycemia. With longstanding diabetes, however, you may lose the early warning signs — such as hunger, shakiness and perspiration — and may only develop symptoms when your blood sugar is dangerously low. This is called hypoglycemia unawareness.

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A diabetic coma could happen when your blood sugar gets too high -- 600 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or more -- causing you to become very dehydrated.

It usually affects people with type 2 diabetes that isn’t well-controlled. It’s common among those who are elderly, chronically ill, and disabled. Doctors aren’t sure why, but they think they these people may not realize they’re thirsty or may not be able to get enough to drink.

This is a serious condition, and if it isn’t spotted soon and treated quickly, it could be fatal. Knowing the symptoms can help you stay safe.

What Are the Warning Signs?

If you have diabetes and you’ve had a heavy thirst and gone to the bathroom more often than usual for a few weeks, check with your doctor -- especially if your blood sugar isn’t well-controlled. As your body loses more and more water, you may notice:

High fever
Weakness
Drowsiness
Altered mental state
Headache
Restlessness
Inability to speak
Visual problems
Hallucinations
Paralysis
What Causes Diabetic Coma?

These factors may lead to dehydration and coma:

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SLIDESHOW

A Visual Guide to Type 2 Diabetes
Start
Infection
Heart attack
Kidney failure
Medicines (diuretics, some heart medications, or steroids)
Illness
Bleeding ulcer
Blood clot
Uncontrolled blood sugar
How Is It Treated?

Once your doctor spots the early signs, he may send you to the hospital. You’ll get an IV to replace lost fluids and electrolytes such as potassium. And you’ll get insulin or other medication to control your blood sugar. The coma can lead to death if left untreated.

Can It Be Prevented?

Take these simple steps to help protect yourself:

Check your blood sugar regularly, as your doctor recommends.
Know your target blood sugar ranges and what to do if the readings are too high.
Plan how often to check your blood sugar when you’re sick.
Take extra care of yourself if you’re ill.

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